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## Figures

### Neighborhood inequality and violence in Chicago, 1965-2020

\begin{figure}[H]
  \centering
  \textbf{MURDER RATE IN CHICAGO, 1965-2020}\par\medskip
  \includegraphics[width=.8\textwidth, height=5in]{figures/Chicago/Figure1_overall_murders_1965-2020_Chicago.png}
\caption{Murders per 100,000 residents in Chicago, 1965-2020.}
\label{fig:chicago_homicide}
\end{figure}


\newpage
### Stability in the spatial distribution of violence

\begin{figure}[H]
  \centering
  \textbf{TOTAL MURDERS BY TRACT IN CHICAGO, 1965-2020}\par\medskip
  \includegraphics[width=\textwidth, height=5in]{figures/Chicago/Figure2_chicago_murder_maps.pdf}
\caption{Total murders by census tract in Chicago, broken into two periods: 1965-1985 and 2000-2020.}
\label{fig:spatial_homicides}
\end{figure}


\begin{figure}[H]
  \centering
  \textbf{CONTINUITY IN THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF MURDER, 1965-2020}\par\medskip
  \includegraphics[width=\textwidth, height=3in]{figures/Chicago/Figure3_homicide_avg_nbhd_quintiles_Chicago.png}
\caption{Average murders per 10,000 residents by quintile based on 1965-1970 murder rate in Chicago, 1965-2020.}
\label{fig:continuity}
\end{figure}



\newpage

### Violence and segregation in Chicago neighborhoods

\begin{figure}[H]
    \centering
    \textbf{NEIGHBORHOOD VIOLENCE IN POOR AND NON-POOR NEIGHBORHOODS, 1965-2020}\par\medskip
    \begin{subfigure}{.5\textwidth}
      \includegraphics[width=1\linewidth, height=2in]{figures/Chicago/Figure4a_homicide_avg_nbhd_poverty_Chicago.png}
      \caption{}
      \label{fig:sub1}
    \end{subfigure}%
    \begin{subfigure}{.5\textwidth}
      \includegraphics[width=1\linewidth, height=2in]{figures/Chicago/Figure4b_homicide_avg_nbhd_poverty_Chicago_ratiodiff.png}
      \caption{}
      \label{fig:sub2}
    \end{subfigure}
\caption{(a) Average neighborhood murders per 10,000 residents for poor and non-poor neighborhoods in Chicago, 1965-2020. (b) Ratio of and difference in neighborhood murders per 10,000 residents for poor versus non-poor neighborhoods in Chicago, 1965-2020.}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[H]
    \centering
    \textbf{NEIGHBORHOOD VIOLENCE IN MAJORITY-BLACK AND MAJORITY-WHITE NEIGHBORHOODS, 1965-2020}\par\medskip
    \begin{subfigure}{.5\textwidth}
      \includegraphics[width=1\linewidth, height=2in]{figures/Chicago/Figure5a_homicide_avg_nbhd_race_Chicago.png}
      \caption{}
      \label{fig:sub1}
    \end{subfigure}%
    \begin{subfigure}{.5\textwidth}
      \includegraphics[width=1\linewidth, height=2in]{figures/Chicago/Figure5b_homicide_avg_nbhd_race_Chicago_ratiodiff.png}
      \caption{}
      \label{fig:sub2}
    \end{subfigure}
\caption{(a) Average neighborhood murders per 10,000 residents for majority-Black and majority-white neighborhoods in Chicago, 1965-2020. (b) Ratio of and difference in neighborhood murders per 10,000 residents for majority-Black versus majority-white neighborhoods in Chicago, 1965-2020.}
\end{figure}

\newpage

### The distribution of violence across segments of the population

\begin{figure}[H]
    \centering
    \textbf{EXPOSURE TO NEIGHBORHOOD VIOLENCE FOR POOR AND NON-POOR RESIDENTS, 1965-2020}\par\medskip
    \begin{subfigure}{.5\textwidth}
      \includegraphics[width=1\linewidth, height=2in]{figures/Chicago/Figure6a_homicide_exposure_poverty_Chicago.png}
      \subcaption{}
      \label{fig:chicago_homicide_poverty1}
    \end{subfigure}%
    \begin{subfigure}{.5\textwidth}
      \includegraphics[width=1\linewidth, height=2in]{figures/Chicago/Figure6b_homicide_exposure_poverty_Chicago_ratiodiff.png}
      \subcaption{}
      \label{fig:chicago_homicide_poverty2}
    \end{subfigure}
\caption{(a) Exposure to murders per 10,000 residents for poor and non-poor residents in Chicago, 1965-2020. (b) Ratio of and difference in exposure to murders per 10,000 residents for poor versus non-poor residents in Chicago, 1965-2020.}
\label{fig:chicago_homicide_poverty}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[H]
    \centering
    \textbf{EXPOSURE TO NEIGHBORHOOD VIOLENCE FOR BLACK, WHITE, AND ALL OTHER RESIDENTS, 1965-2020}\par\medskip
    \begin{subfigure}{.5\textwidth}
      \includegraphics[width=1\linewidth, height=2in]{figures/Chicago/Figure7a_homicide_exposure_race_Chicago.png}
      \caption{}
      \label{fig:chicago_homicide_race1}
    \end{subfigure}%
    \begin{subfigure}{.5\textwidth}
      \includegraphics[width=1\linewidth, height=2in]{figures/Chicago/Figure7b_homicide_exposure_race_Chicago_ratiodiff.png}
      \caption{}
      \label{fig:chicago_homicide_race2}
    \end{subfigure}
\caption{(a) Exposure to murders per 10,000 residents for Black residents, white residents, and residents of all other ethnic/racial groups in Chicago, 1965-2020. (b) Ratio of and difference in exposure to murders per 10,000 residents Black residents versus white residents in Chicago, 1965-2020.}
\label{fig:chicago_homicide_race}
\end{figure}


\newpage

\begin{figure}[H]
  \centering
  \textbf{EXPOSURE TO NEIGHBORHOOD VIOLENCE FOR BLACK RESIDENTS INSIDE AND OUTSIDE OF MAJORITY-BLACK NEIGHBORHOODS, 1965-2020}\par\medskip
  \includegraphics[width=.8\textwidth, height=5in]{figures/Chicago/Figure8_homicide_exposure_black_Chicago.png}
\caption{Exposure to murders per 10,000 residents for Black residents overall, Black residents inside majority-Black neighborhoods, and Black residents outside majority-Black neighborhoods in Chicago, 1965-2020.}
\label{fig:chicago_homicide_blacks}
\end{figure}


\newpage
### Punishment and compounded disadvantage

\begin{figure}[H]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\textwidth, height=4in]{figures/Chicago/Figure9_homs_ps_incarc_spatial_plots.pdf}
\caption{Comparison between the spatial distributions of shootings per 10,000 residents from 2014 through 2020, 2010 male incarcerations per 10,000 residents, and police shootings per 10,000 residents from 2014 through 2020 in Chicago.}
\end{figure}


\begin{table}[H]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\textwidth, height=4in]{figures/Chicago/Table1_comp_disadv_table_2014-2020Quintiles.pdf}
\caption{Average neighborhood 2010 male incarcerations per 10,000 residents and average neighborhood police shootings per 10,000 residents from 2014 through 2020 for Chicago overall and by quintile based on \textit{2010-2020} murder rates, race/ethnicity, and poverty.}
\end{table}


\begin{table}[H]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\textwidth, height=4in]{figures/Chicago/Table2_comp_disadv_table_1965-1970Quintiles.pdf}
\caption{Average neighborhood 2010 male incarcerations per 10,000 residents and average neighborhood police shootings per 10,000 residents from 2014 through 2020 for Chicago overall and by quintile based on \textit{1965-1970} murder rates, race/ethnicity, and poverty.}
\end{table}




\newpage

### The national rise of violence, 2014-2020


\begin{table}[H]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\textwidth, height=4in]{figures/Nation/Table3_2020_vs_2014_nation_shootings.pdf}
\caption{Average neighborhood shootings per 10,000 residents and average exposure to shootings per 10,000 residents in 2020 versus 2014 for neighborhoods in all 100 largest U.S. cities and by 2014-2020 race/ethnicity and poverty level.}
\end{table}



\begin{table}[H]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\textwidth, height=4in]{figures/Nation/Table4_nation_compounded_disadvantage.pdf}
\caption{Average 2010 male incarcerations per 10,000 residents and average police shootings per 10,000 residents from 2014 through 2020 for neighborhoods in all 100 largest U.S. cities and by quintile based on 2014-2020 shooting rates, race/ethnicity, and poverty.}
\end{table}

<!-- \begin{figure}[H] -->
<!--     \centering -->
<!--     \textbf{POLICE SHOOTINGS AND MALE INCARCERATION FOR MOST VIOLENT CENSUS TRACTS FROM 2014-2020}\par\medskip -->
<!--     \begin{subfigure}{.4\textwidth} -->
<!--       \includegraphics[width=1\linewidth, height=2in]{homicide_chicago/figures/police_shootings_by_homs_quintile_allcities.png} -->
<!--       \caption{Average 2014-2020 Police Shootings rate by 2014-2020 fatal shootings quintile.} -->
<!--       \label{fig:comp_disadv_quintile_ps} -->
<!--     \end{subfigure} -->
<!--     \hspace{0.6cm} -->
<!--     \begin{subfigure}{.4\textwidth} -->
<!--       \includegraphics[width=1\linewidth, height=2in]{homicide_chicago/figures/male_incarceration_by_homs_quintile_allcities.png} -->
<!--       \caption{Average 2010 Male Incarceration rate by 2014-2020 fatal shootings quintile.} -->
<!--       \label{fig:comp_disadv_quintile_incarc} -->
<!--     \end{subfigure} -->
<!-- \caption{} -->
<!-- \label{fig:comp_disadv_quintile} -->
<!-- \end{figure} -->

